Trenchless Book - Introduction to Pipeline Rehabilitation

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Introduction to Pipeline Rehabilitation

Table of Contents

PREFACE

Today Utilities providing sewerage and drainage services are faced with unprecedented requirement for developing and managing subsurface networks due to increasing urban loads. The requirement is being accelerated more due to Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) projects. Growth rate of sensitization about Trenchless amongst working engineers of various municipal bodies is quite low due to non-availability of information and details of the latest developments in the sector. Result is that such several pipelines are left to brave the forces of nature without proper maintenance leading to the destruction of network which otherwise could have been protected with lesser effort earlier. The need of the hour is proper sensitization and education of operating engineers from these utilities.

With a view to above IndSTT is embarking upon a nation wide training program for Sewer Rehabilitation Works titled ‘National Sewer Rehabilitation Training (NSRT)’. Under the program, a series of 63, two day long training workshops are being organized in 63 different JnNURM cities in three phases. They would be introductory courses on Trenchless for the Municipal and other city authorities‘ engineers developing and managing utilities in JnNURM cities.

The first phase is planned for Type A cities where Civic Engineers from the specific city and the near about Type B and Type C cities would also be invited to participate. Subsequently in the next phase the program would shift to Type B cities where Engineers from specific cities and the near about Type C cities would be invited. Finally in the third stage it will move to Type C cities for their engineers and engineers from the near about areas. These workshops will help sensitizing the executing engineers and help promoting Trenchless applications across the nation.

The book in your hands is the reference manual for such workshops. Similar to workshops it is also structured in five main sections, viz. Introduction to Sewer Rehabilitation, Initial Pipeline Surveys, Defect Coding & Rehabilitation Planning, Rehabilitation Methods, and Trenchless Construction Methods. It is expected to provide the background information on Introduction to Sewer Rehabilitation by way of Sewer Performance Requirements; Performance Assessment; and Rehabilitation Prioritization. In the next section it discusses Initial Pipeline Surveys through Introduction to Pipeline Condition Assessment; Surveying – Hydraulic, Environmental, Structural, & Operational; Introduction to Subsurface Utility Engineering; and Flow Monitoring, Infiltration and Inflow. The subsequent section deals the Defect Coding through Sewer Defect Codes – Need and usage; Basics of Coding Principles; and Internationally Practiced Defect Code Definitions; Condition Reporting and Solution Development for rehabilitation. Rehabilitation methods cover pipeline repairs through Restoration Process, Injection Process, & Sealing Process, Pipeline renovation activities through coating and lining processes, and finally replacement through trenchless methods. The last section covers Trenchless Construction Methods like Cured-In-Place Pipe; Sliplining; Close fit Pipe; Spray Lining; Thermoformed Pipe etc.

Other than the workshop the book is expected to provide Introduction to Pipeline Rehabilitation to the readers and it is expected that it is going to be equally successful as other Trenchless Introductory Book, Basics of Trenchless Technology. As the Executive Director of IndSTT, I have the privilege to invite the readers to the interesting and challenging world of Trenchless Technology.

Dr. Niranjan Swarup
Director General
Indian Society for Trenchless Technology

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Pipeline Rehabilitation		5~14
1.1	Introduction	5
1.2	Pipeline Performance Requirements	5
1.3	Pipeline Failure	6
1.4	Performance Assessment	10
1.5	Rehabilitation Prioritization	13
1.6	Conclusion	14
Chapter 2: Introduction to Pipeline Condition Assessment		15~24
2.1	Introduction	15
2.2	Inspection (survey)	15
2.3	Monitoring	15
2.4	Leakage inspection techniques	17
2.5	Measurement-based leak monitoring techniques	20
2.6	District meter areas (DMAs)	22
2.7	Model-based leak monitoring techniques	23
2.8	Real-time transient model-based methods (RTTM)	23
2.9	Conclusion	24
Chapter 3: Direct Condition Assessment Methods		25~33
3.1	Introduction	25
3.2	External Corrosion Direct Assessment (ECDA)	25
3.3	Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment	26
3.4	Nondestructive testing and evaluation	27
3.5	Pipe scanner and evaluation technology (PSET)	29
3.6	Laser-based scanning systems (LBSS)	29
3.7	Electromagnetic (EM) techniques	29
3.8	Ultrasonic Techniques	32
3.9	Acoustic Techniques	33
3.10	Conclusion	33
Chapter 4: Indirect Condition Assessment Methods		34~38
4.1	Introduction	34
4.2	pH	34
4.3	Resistivity	34
4.4	Linear Polarisation Resistance (LPR)	35
4.5	Guided waves (GW)	35
4.6	Georadar	35
4.7	Ground penetrating radar (GPR)	36
4.8	Field signature method (FSM)	36
4.9	Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring	36
4.10	Impact Echo (IE)	37
4.11	Mechanical (MAC) method	37
4.12	Free-vibration (FV) method	38
4.13	Conclusion	38
Chapter 5: Network Condition Survey & Recording		39~62
5.1	Introduction	39
5.2	Network Data	39
5.3	Hydraulic investigation	45
5.4	Rain gauging	49
5.5	Event monitoring of ancillary structures	51
5.6	Measuring infiltration and exfiltration	51
5.7	Build and verify hydraulic model	51
5.8	Assess hydraulic performance	55
5.9	Environmental investigation	56
5.10	Use of verified models	59
5.11	Non-modelled environmental impact	59
5.12	Structural Investigation	59
5.13	Prepare programme	59
5.14	Structural measurements	60
5.15	Pipeline location	60
5.16	Pipe deformation and crack detection	61
5.17	Network Condition Survey & Recording	61
5.18	Conclusion	62
Chapter 6: Subsurface Utility Engineering		63~69
6.1	Introduction	63
6.2	Components	63
6.3	Historical Utility Records Research (Quality Level D)	63
6.4	Site Assessment (Quality Level C)	64
6.5	Designation (Quality Level B)	64
6.6	Non-Destructive Air-Vacuum Excavation (Quality Level A)	66
6.7	Data Management	67
6.8	Conclusion	69
Chapter 7: Defect Coding & Rehabilitation Planning		70~75
7.1	Sewer Defect Codes – Need and usage	70
7.2	Basics of Coding Principles	70
7.3	Internationally Practiced Defect Code Definitions;	70
7.4	Standardized Coding Form	74
7.5	Standard Coding Form	75
7.6	Sewer Condition Codes	75
7.7	International Development	75
Chapter 8: Defect Coding & Rehabilitation Planning		76~81
8.1	Introduction	76
8.2	Repair	77
8.3	Renovation	78
8.4	Replacement	80
8.5	Conclusion	81
Chapter 9: Trenchless Construction		82~94
9.1	Introduction	82
9.2	Renovation Systems for Non-Man Entry pipelines	82
9.3	Localized Repairs	82
9.4	Renovation Systems for Man-Entry pipelines	82
9.5	Renovation Systems For Non-Manentry Pipeline	83
9.6	Lining with Cured-In-Place-Pipes	87
9.7	Localized Repair	89
9.8	Renovation Systems For Man-Entry Pipelines	92
9.9	Conclusion	94